Tag: English grammar

Categories
Grammar Verb Tenses

Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

Form

The present perfect continuous (or present perfect progressive) verb tense is made up of a subject, the auxiliary verb (or helping verb) have, the past participle of the verb Be, and the present participle (~ing form) of the main verb of the sentence. It looks like this:

SubjectAuxiliary VerbBeen~ing form
I/you/we/theyhavebeenwalking
he/she/ithasbeenrunning

To make the sentence negative, add a not between the auxiliary verb and the been.

To make a yes/no question, put the auxiliary verb before before the subject.

To make a WH question, first make a yes/no question, then add the question word at the beginning of the sentence. Don’t forget to add a question mark at the end.

Function

There are three ways to use the present perfect continuous:

  • Instead of the present perfect
  • Actions that started in the past, and are still happening now
  • Actions that have an effect on something now. We often see the effect, but we are interested in the action. The action may or may not be finished.

For more information and some practice exercises, start at the top of this page.

Video Script

Hello! This lesson is about the present perfect continuous. You might hear some people talk about the present perfect progressive; it’s just a different name for the same verb tense. I learned present perfect continuous so that’s what I’m going to call it. It doesn’t matter, it’s the same verb tense. First of all, we’re going to look at the form, which is how to make it. Then we’re going to look at the function, which is how to use it. Then, at the end, there’s a short quiz I’d like you to try. Let’s get started. We’ll start by looking at the form: how to make the present perfect continuous. So for positive sentences, we start with a subject: I, you, we, they, and then he, she, it, and an auxiliary verb. Notice how he, she, it has has as an auxiliary verb, and I, you, we, they has have as an auxiliary verb. After that, we use been, and then the present participle, the ing form, so in this example, I put walking. We can use contractions. We can put the subject and the auxiliary verb together, so instead of I have, we can say I’ve; instead of he is, he’s. Okay, let’s keep going. For negative sentences, we start with the same thing, and we just slide this over, and this is where we put our negation; this is where we put our “not.” Again, we can use contractions: I, you, we, they haven’t been walking; he, she, it hasn’t been walking. For yes/no questions – we’ll go back to the beginning – for yes/no questions, I just switch and I put the auxiliary verb first, and the subject afterwards. Now, I should have put a capital H at the beginning here and here because this is now at the beginning of the sentence, but I didn’t. Anyway, I’m sure you will. Now we’ll take a look at WH questions. WH questions, we start where we just left off with yes/no questions, and all we do, is we just add the question word at the beginning. So that’s the form of how to make the present perfect continuous. There’s nothing to understand; it is what it is and there isn’t very much to remember, just a few rules. Okay, now let’s take a look at the function – how to use the present perfect continuous. There are three main uses of the present perfect continuous. First of all, we can use it instead of the present perfect. So, when we use the present perfect, we often – not always, but we often – have the option of using the present perfect continuous, depending on the situation. It doesn’t always work. Let’s take a look at some examples where it does work. So, present perfect, which in this case, we can call the present perfect simple, and the present perfect continuous. He’s worn that hat a lot this week. He’s been wearing that hat a lot this week. There is no real difference between these two sentences, other than emphasis. With… when we use the present perfect continuous, we’re emphasizing the action we’re, we’re emphasizing the wearing of the hat. They’ve worked hard to complete this project. They’ve been working hard to complete this project. Again, there’s a slight difference here, only an emphasis that I’m really focusing on the fact that they really have been working to get this done. He’s lived in London for five years. He’s been living in London for five years. Here I’m going to say there’s really very very little difference between those two. She’s taught here since 2012. She’s been teaching here since 2012. Again, no real difference. Some verbs that work well in this situation: feel, live, work, teach, and enjoy. So the next use of the present perfect is actions that started in the past and that are still happening now. She’s been writing all day… and she’s still writing now. That action has continued up until now. We’ve been driving for three hours and even, if I don’t say this part here, the part that’s in brackets, even if I don’t say that part, people will understand that we’re still in the car; we’re still driving now. He’s been studying for six years… and he’s still studying. And the last use of the present perfect we’re going to look at is that actions that have an effect on something now – we often see the effect – but we’re interested in the action. The action may or may not be finished. So we see one thing, we see the effect, but really what we’re focusing on, is the action that caused the effect. Again, examples often help. Why are your hands dirty? I’ve been working in the garden. Okay, so we see the effect – the dirty hands – but we’re interested in the action what caused your hands to be dirty? Well, working in the garden. Whew! I’m tired; I’ve been having trouble sleeping. So here is the effect – the fact that I’m tired now, but what caused it was it was that I ooo! I’ve been having trouble sleeping. And one more example: I’ve been thinking about what you said. So here is… I’ve been thinking, okay? That would be the action, but we’re interested in the effect. I kind of want to know: Okay, so what happens now, okay? That’s kind of… this would be the introduction to talking about what you were saying before, about, about what you said before. This would be an introduction to that conversation. Okay, I’ve put some sentences here. I’d like you to take a look at them. I’d like you to see if they are correct or not, and then to answer the question why. So here are the sentences. Pause the video. You can take a look at them and then I’ll come back. It wouldn’t be very helpful if I didn’t come back and give you the answers, would it? Okay, so how do you think we did? Let’s take a look. So, some of these are correct – quite a few of them, in fact – and some of them are not. Let’s take a look: Number one: She’s been walking to school. No problem. Number two: The cat has been drinking milk. No problem. Number three: He has been drinking water right now. Well, as soon as we add this “right now” we’ve got ourselves a problem here, okay? We can’t add “right now.” He’s been drinking water. If I, if I absolutely have to have this “right now” part, then I would have to say: He is drinking water right now, and have to use the present continuous. Number four: Mary is been talking to Susan. I’ve got a problem with my auxiliary verb. “Has been” talking not, is been talking. Number five: You have been walking to school? Errr! This drives me crazy! Students say this because they forget to change the order of these words here. Instead of you have, we have to go backwards and say have you. Now the problem here is that this is unusual, but it’s actually not incorrect… but it’s also not the best way to do it, so I’m not saying it’s okay – it’s not – don’t do this. Invert; in other words switch your subject and your verb. Number six: My brother has been liking football. No. My brother likes football. Liking doesn’t work well as a progressive. Number seven is correct. Number eight is correct. Number nine is correct. Number ten is not. The night has been being cold. Well, that’s not something that happens in a progressive sense. You say the night was cold if we want to talk in the past, or has been cold – we can use the present perfect. Okay, so how did you do? If you would like some more practice, take a look below. I’ve prepared some questions and activities for you to look at. That’s all for today. Thank you very much!

Categories
Grammar Verb Tenses

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Form

The past perfect continuous (or past perfect progressive) verb tense is made up of a subject, the auxiliary verb (or helping verb) be , and the present participle (~ing form) of the main verb of the sentence. It looks like this:

Subjecthadbeen~ing form
I/you/he/she /it/we/theyhadbeenthinking

To make the sentence negative, add a not after had.

To ask a yes/no question, put had before before the subject. Add a question mark at the end of the sentence.

To ask a WH question, first make a yes/no question, then add the question word at the beginning of the sentence. Remember to add a question mark.

Function

Here is how to use the past perfect continuous:

  • To tell how long something had been true at a certain time in the past.
  • To tell about an action in the past that:
    • had just ended (at a certain time in the past).
    • the result of that action was probably easy to see.

For more information about the past perfect continuous, as well as some practice exercises, look to the top of this page.

Video Script
Hello! Today I’m going to talk about the past perfect continuous. Now some people call it the past perfect progressive; it doesn’t matter, it’s the same verb tense, but when I was learning, I learned past perfect continuous, so that’s what I’m going to call it. We’ll start by looking at the form, which is how to make it, and then we will look at the function, which is how to use it. So, let’s get… ooh I almost forgot: at the end, I’ve got a quiz for you to see if you’ve learned what we’ve been talking about. All right, let’s get started. So, positive sentences. I, he, she, it, you, we, they, had been and then the present participle – the ing form. So this gets a little bit complicated because we’ve got to add both a “had” and a “been.” A note about this, too: depending on where you are, and depending on kind of the accent of your region, this might sound a lot more like “bin” instead of been. Now, they mean been, but they might say bin. I noticed that the people where I live say that, including me sometimes, so if I say bin, I mean been. Okay, let’s take a look. So this is pretty straightforward; positive sentences, or affirmative sentences, as some people say, which again, doesn’t make any difference; it’s the same thing, there is something we can do to change this a little bit. We can put the subject and the had together in a contraction, so instead of I had we’ve got I’d or he’d or she’d etc. okay? Okay, so now, we’re going to take a look at negative sentences. We’ll put everything back and we’ll just add a not between the had and the been. Now here again, we can use a contraction: she hadn’t been walking, you hadn’t been baking, okay? All right, so moving right along… Yes/no sentences. All we do here is we change the order of the had and the subject. Now this is the beginning of a sentence, so really this should be a capital H at this point, but it’s just you and me so you’ll forgive me, I hope. Had she been drinking water? Had you been reading a book? Okay? So yes/no questions. Now for WH questions, we leave things where they are and we just add the WH question word at the beginning of the sentence. So, why had you been singing? Who had you been seeing? Okay? All right let’s move on now to the function of the past perfect continuous. The past perfect continuous is used to tell how long something had been true at a certain time in the past. So again, how long something had been true at a certain time in the past. So let’s bring up our timeline. So there is a time in the past, and the past perfect continuous tells us what was happening before that… what happened after that, we don’t know. Let’s look at some examples. I have been watching TV – and what we’re focusing on here is this, okay? I had been watching TV for two hours when you came home. Now, did I continue watching TV after that, or was that the end? Did I do something else? We don’t know. This verb tense gives us no information on that. All we are thinking about is what had been happening, and how long it has been happening until this happened. So I had been watching TV for two hours when you came home. Okay, so we’re focusing on this, on how long something had been happening when it was interrupted. Let’s look at another example. By the time we met, I’d been living in London for a year. So by the time we met – so watch this arrow – look at that! By the time we met, I had been living in London for a year. Next example: By June the roof, had been leaking for three months. So by June, by the time June came, the roof had already been leaking for three months. The past perfect continuous is used to tell about an action in the past that had just ended at a certain time in the past, and the result of that action was probably easy to see. So look again, some examples will make this clearer for us, so we’ll look at some. So here’s my timeline and here’s something that had been happening, and this is the certain time in the past. Now remember that we’re looking back from now, okay? So the time that we’re thinking about, the time in the past that we’re thinking about, is back here. Okay, so, let’s take a look at some examples that’ll make this a little bit clearer. He was tired because he had been running, okay? So at this time, he was tired. Why? Because he had been running before that. He was tired because he had been running. Next example: We were excited because we had been planning our wedding. So, last Tuesday – we’ll say that this is last Tuesday, okay? – last Tuesday, when you saw us, we were excited. Why? Because we had been planning our wedding. One more example: They had been painting their house, so they were dirty. So, before we saw them, this is what they had been doing. They had been painting their house, and then when we saw them, they were dirty. Okay, let’s look at some sentences, and you tell me if these are correct or not. More importantly, you tell me why. So here are the sentences. Shut off the video for a moment, take a look at the sentences and then turn the video back on. Okay here are the answers. So how did you do? Let’s take a look. They had been walked for 20 minutes. Nope, that’s the wrong form they had been walking for 20 minutes. Number two: She was tired because she ran. No, she was tired because she had been running. Number three: He had been drove for less than 30 minutes when he got lost. Again, it’s a problem with the verb form: he had been driving for 30 minutes when he got lost. Number four is correct: They have been waiting since that time, since five o’clock. Number five: She was being smoking in the garage. Well, she smelled like smoke smoke. Why? Because she had been smoking in the garage up until the time she came into the house, but the effect was still there we can still smell the smoke. Number six: Your car hasn’t worked well. No, your car hasn’t been working well. You know, your car hasn’t been working well for the past two or three weeks. I think you should take it to the mechanic. Number seven: Grace were eating when I called her. No. Grace – if we’re going to use the past perfect – Grace had been eating when I called her. I could say Grace was eating when I called her, but that’s a different verb tense; that’s not what we’re looking at here. Number eight: I had been not expecting her. Well we’ve got the right parts, but we don’t have them in the right order. I had not been expecting her, so we have to move that and that and that to put them in the correct order, as it is over here. Okay, so how did you do? If you’d like some more practice, look below. I’ve prepared some more exercises and activities for you. That’s all for today. Have a good day!

Categories
Grammar Verb Tenses

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

Form

The past continuous verb tense is made up of a subject, the auxiliary verb (or helping verb) had, and the past participle of the main verb of the sentence. It looks like this:

SubjectAuxiliary Verb–ing Form
I/he/she/itwaswalking
you/we/theywerereading

To make the sentence negative, add a not between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.

To make a yes/no question, put the auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence (before before the subject) and add a question mark to the end of the sentence.

To make a WH question, first make a yes/no question, then add the question word at the beginning of the sentence. Don’t forget to add a question mark at the end.

Function

The past continuous is used:

  • to tell about actions that were in progress when they were interrupted by another action.
  • when two actions were happening at the same time.
  • when an action was happening at a specific time in the past.

For more information and some practice exercises, look to the top of this page.

Video Script
Hello! Today I’m going to tell you about the past continuous. Some people call this the past progressive. When I was learning grammar we called it the past continuous, so that’s what I’m going to call it. It’s the same thing. All right, we’re going to talk first about the form, which is how to make the past continuous, then we’re going to talk about the function, which is how to use it, and at the end of the video, I have a little quiz I’d like you to try. Let’s get started. First of all. the form: how to make the past continuous. So for positive sentences, or sometimes we say affirmative sentences, we have the subject, we have an auxiliary verb, and then we have the present participle, which most people just call the ing form or the I-N-G form. Notice how the subjects are grouped: I and he and she and it, even though I didn’t write it, use “was” as their auxiliary verb you and we and they use “were” as their auxiliary verb. The present participle or the I-N-G form is the form of the verb that comes at the end, so what makes the difference is the auxiliary verb that we use, whether we use was or were instead of am or is or are, okay? So this is where we make this verb be the past continuous instead of the present continuous. So for negative sentences, all we do is we add a “not” Now that’s quite simple. There’s something that we often do after that that makes it a little bit more complicated, which is that we put was and were together with “not” and so we end up with these contractions, wasn’t and weren’t instead of wh… was not and we’re not. Okay so continuing from there, we’re going to take a look at yes/no questions. So we go back to where we were, and then all we do is we switch the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject. Now, this is the beginning of a sentence, so really there should be a capital W and this should be a capital W as well, but you get the idea. Was I singing? Were you laughing? Okay so yes/no questions – we call these yes/no questions of course because the answer will be yes or no. One other type of question and that is WH questions and there we stay with how we have a sentence for our yes/no questions. We then just add our question word, okay, we just add that to the front. Nothing else changes. So, what was I thinking? Why were you running? Let’s take a look now at the function; how to use the past continuous. We use the past continuous in a couple of different ways. The first way we’re going to look at is that actions that were in progress when they were interrupted by another action. So something was happening and then something else happened to stop that. So take a look at our timeline here. Something was happening and then something else happened that interrupted it. Now what happened after that? Did the action continue? We don’t know; it doesn’t matter, okay? That’s not the information we’re trying to communicate, okay? So what we’re talking about is: this was happening and then this happened and interrupted it. What happens out here? We don’t know, we don’t care; it doesn’t matter for the past continuous. It also doesn’t matter when that was. Was it last year? Was it this morning? It doesn’t matter; we can use the past continuous for any time where these conditions are met, where something has happened and then something else interrupted it. So let’s take a look here. I was watching TV when the phone rang. So the phone [that] rang interrupted what I was doing. They were talking – sorry, they weren’t talking, they were walking; they might have been talking as well, but this just says they were walking. They were walking when they smelled smoke. The smelling of smoke interrupted their walking. She was talking when they heard a noise. Okay? So, again hearing a noise interrupted the talking. We also use the past continuous when two actions were happening at the same time. So here again is our timeline. Here’s one action, here is another action. Now watch this: it doesn’t matter which one started first, it doesn’t matter which one ends first, it doesn’t matter how much they overlap or when they overlap, but when they overlap is when we can use the past continuous. So you can see here just inside this green line when both things are happening and then just inside this red line, okay, both actions are happening at the same time. That’s when we can use the past continuous. We often use “while” in these sentences: While I was cooking dinner, she was reading a book. Who started first? Who ended first? It doesn’t matter; we don’t know, but it doesn’t matter. Tthe point is for some of the time, we were doing both of those things at the same time. While John was sleeping, his sister was working hard. Again, who started first? Who finished first? It doesn’t matter. While we were talking, they were riding their bikes. So for at least part of the time that we were doing this they were doing that. Finally, While he was playing soccer, she was flying a kite. Again, both of these things were happening at the same time and again. I’d just like to point out we very often use “while” in this type of sentence, and see that in all those examples. We can also switch the order of the clauses. I’ll just go back here: While I was cooking dinner, she was reading a book. She was reading a book while I was cooking dinner. While John was sleeping, his sister was working hard. His sister was working hard while John was sleeping. While we were walking, they were riding their bikes. They were riding their bikes while we were walking. While he was playing soccer, she was flying a kite. She was flying a kite while he was playing soccer. Now you may or may not have noticed that the commas all disappeared. That’s not a mistake; that’s very much on purpose. The clause that starts with “while” is a dependent clause, and when the dependent clause comes second, or it comes later in the sentence, we do not use a comma. If you don’t know what I’m talking about, but you would like to know what I’m talking about, check out my videos on clauses and sentences – two different videos. We also use the past continuous when an action was happening at a specific time in the past. So earlier, we were looking at it this way, where an action was happening and then something interrupted it. okay? That’s not what we’re looking at here. What we’re looking at here is at this time, this thing was happening, so we’re kind of looking at it backwards. An example hopefully we’ll make this clearer. I was travelling in June. The forest fire was burning in August. In 2006, I was living in Taiwan. So in all these examples, I’m saying at this time, this thing was happening, okay? And, at two o’clock, he was walking home. So at a specific time, something else was going on so and actually was happening at a specific time in the past. So here’s our quiz: Correct or not. and why? I’m going to put up ten questions, or ten sentences. I would like you to look at them and to decide, in the context of looking at the past continuous, if these sentences are correct or not, and if they’re not correct, what is wrong? What do we need to do to fix them? Okay, here they are. Pause the video and then I will give you the answers. Okay let’s take a look. So first of all, here’s the answers. So some of them are correct, some of them are incorrect.Tthe ones that are incorrect, we’ll take a look at now. I watched TV when the phone was ringing. Well, that’s not progressive is it? It’s not continuous. I was watching the TV when the phone rang, okay? So this is the longer action – was watching TV – was interrupted by this verb in the present [past] simple: the phone rang. We were liking the movie. We don’t use like in the continuous, okay? We were liking the movie? No, it just doesn’t work. We liked the movie; we can’t use it in the continuous. It’s, it’s… this, in theory, this sentence is correct, except for the fact that this verb doesn’t work in the continuous. Oops! There we go. He drank water when he choked nnno. He was drinking water when he choked. So the choking interrupted the drinking of the water. It was snowing at five o’clock. So at five o’clock, what was happening? It was snowing. Number five: They are walking to the store. Well, there’s nothing wrong with this, except for the fact that we have used a present verb, okay? So they were, because this is the past continuous that we want, not the present continuous. Number six: My friends were eating and drinking. No problem. Number seven: Grace were eating when I called her. That’s a problem with the verb here. Grace was eating when I called her. Number eight and number nine are both correct. Number ten: They was enjoying the picnic. Again, a problem with the auxiliary verb here. They were enjoying the picnic. So how did you do? If you’d like some more practice, I’ve prepared some more exercises, so just look below this video and you’ll be able to get to those. Okay, thank you very much! Have a good day!
Categories
Grammar Verb Tenses

All Future Verb Tenses

Look below for information and practice will all English future verb tenses.

Future Simple

Forms and Functions

The future simple takes many forms, depending on how the speaker sees the situation. This table helps sort this out. (It’s explained more fully in the video above.)

Purpose/ UseGoing to
Will
Present ContinuousPresent Simple
Vague plans or IntentionsX
Definite PlansX
Decision at Time of SpeakingX
Offer of HelpX
PromiseX
Prediction Based on Knowledge/ Information/ ExperienceX
Prediction Based on Current ObservationX
Scheduled EventsX

Future Continuous

Forms

Subject + will be or going to be + present participle (~ing form) of the main verb.

Function

The Future Continuous is used for events that will be in progress at some time in the future, and for continuous (“longer”) events in the future.

Future Perfect

Form

Subject + will have + past participle

Function

The Future Perfect is used to talk about a time or event that is in the future now, but that will be in the past at a time further  in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous

Form

Subject + will have been + past participle

Function

The Future Perfect Continuous is used to talk about how long something will have been happening at a certain time in the future.

For more information about how to talk about the future in English, as well as some practice exercises, look to the top of this page.

Video Script

Hello! This video is about the future in English. The first thing I’m going to say is maybe going to surprise you. There is no future tense in English. Let me explain. Let’s look at these verbs: begin, begin begun; draw, drew, drawn. I’ve changed the form of these verbs, but there’s no change that I can make to these verbs to make them refer to the future. So well then, how do we talk about the future in English? ecause we obviously do talk about it! Well, all we have to do is we have to add extra words. Well, okay, so you gave us a problem and then now you have solved the problem, so why are you doing this? I’ll tell you. Why does this matter? The future in English is messy. Rules for past and present verb tenses can be complicated, but there are fairly clear rules. Now, sometimes there’s overlapping rules, and we can we can do one thing or another and it doesn’t matter, but, so, that’s what I mean when I say it’s complicated, but talking about the future is less clear than talking about the present or the pas. That’s the bad news. The good news is that mistakes when talking about the future are much less serious. Even if you make a mistake, most people will understand what you’re trying to say. Where if you make a mistake with the past or the present, you can actually be saying something quite different from what you think you’re saying. In the future, that’s not usually such a problem. Okay, in this lesson we’re going to talk about these… now I just said there’s no verb tenses and and there aren’t, but we can still think of them as such; we can talk about the future simple, the future continuous, the future perfect, and the future perfect continuous. The way that we get there is a little bit different than we get there in past or present verb tenses, though. Okay, let’s get started. So generally, the future simple is used for events that are predicted or intended for the future. We choose the form of the future simple based on how we see the situation, so if we see the situation one way, we use one way to talk about the future; if we see the situation differently, we can use a different way to talk about the future. We’re going to look at going to, will, the present continuous, and the present simple. So to keep things straight, I’ve made this table for us. Now these are guidelines – they’re not absolute rules, so please remember that again if we use the the wrong form of the future, people will usually still understand, although it might take them a little bit of extra effort. Let’s take a look. So we’ll start at the top there where it says vague plans or intentions. Typically for vague plans or intentions, we would use going to. So, for example: uh… We’re going to visit my parents. Yeah, yeah, yeah, leave me alone, okay? I know. I’m going to fix the window. Notice there I use the short form gonna, instead of going to. No difference, no difference in meaning. He’s going to look for a solution. When? I don’t know but just relax; it’ll be fine. Okay? So vague plans or intentions. Definite plans, now this is the funny thing about the future, is that because it hasn’t happened yet, it could always change, but sometimes we make plans and they’re kind of yeah maybe, and other times we make plans and they’re much more sure. So for definite plans, or more definite plans, we typically use the present continuous. Let’s take a look. So for definite plans: We’re visiting my parents on Sunday. So you can see here – now i don’t have to add this on Sunday, but I did that in this example because it shows, well, it’s not some vague idea; we have a specific plan: We’re visiting my parents on Sunday. I’m fixing the window tonight. Now could I say I’m going to fix the window tonight? Yes, that wouldn’t be wrong, but typically this is what people would say. He’s flying to Phoenix next week. The sentence usually includes the specific time that the plan will happen. You know what? I’m not sure I like this word “usually.” Maybe I should have said “often” instead. Like I said, the future’s kind of a little bit strange. It’s, it’s hard to, uh, it’s hard to make rules that will always be true. Think of these as guidelines. Okay the next category is the decision at the time of speaking. So you weren’t – this isn’t a plan; this is a decision that’s made right now. Typically we would say will. So decision at time speaking I’ll finish this job tomorrow. Next, oh I’ll get the door. You weren’t sitting there… wait, wait, come back, come back, come back! That wasn’t really the doorbell; that was, that was, that was the video. You weren’t… Let’s just play pretend. You weren’t sitting there waiting for the doorbell to ring. The doorbell rang and you made a decision right away: I’ll get the door; I’ll answer the door is what that means. Are you hungry? I am. Yeah, I’ll call for pizza. So that wasn’t my plan a few moments ago, but since we’re both hungry, yeah, I’ll make a decision now, I’ll call for pizza. Next, an offer of help. We would also use will. So, I’ll carry your groceries for you. We’ll help find a solution. I’ll open the door for you. Okay? So I’ll help you in this way, I’m going to carry your groceries for you makes it sound like this is a definite plan. The next situation we’re going to look at is a promise. And we would also say will for that. I’ll pay you back next week. I’ll do all – let’s work together on this; don’t worry, it’ll be fine for you – I’ll do all the hard work. Now,Ii don’t have the word “promise” in either of these, but we understand that a promise is being made, a commitment. I won’t make that mistake again. Next prediction based on knowledge or information or experience. For this we would also use will. So, no no, he’ll get that question wrong. There’s no way he’s going to find the answer. Um… yeah, we’ll be finished by nine o’clock. Ah! This team, they’re playing so well, they’ll win the game tonight. They’ll win the game tonight for sure. Next, a prediction based on a current observation. We would typically use going to. So, look up in the sky Hmm it’s going to rain tonight. The game is almost over, we’re up by a lot… we’re going to win the game. Ah! She’s going to be late again. She’s always late and I’m sure today will be no different. And the last one, I’m hoping you can figure this one out because we haven’t used the present simple yet. We use the present simple to talk about scheduled events. Let’s look at some examples. So the train leaves at 7:30. My plane takes off at quarter after nine. The lesson starts when the teacher arrives. Okay? So those are all scheduled events. Now we’re going to look at the future continuous. The future continuous is for an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future. So here’s a timeline. We’ll put some information on it: six o’clock, 10 o’clock, so that’s the time that I’ll be working, from six o’clock to eight… to ten o’clock. So at eight o’clock, which is in the middle of that time… okay? Between six and ten o’clock I can say: Don’t call me at eight o’clock; I’ll be working. So my work will be in progress at that time. Different example: I’m going to be sleeping at midnight. So, yeah, come on, we’ll stop by your place at midnight and then we’ll go out. No, don’t come to my place at midnight. I’ll be sleeping at midnight, or I’m going to be sleeping at midnight. Again, we can use both. She’ll be walking home at that time – whatever time that is. Okay? So this, this talks about actions that will be in progress at a certain time. We can also use the future continuous for longer events in the future. So i’m travelling to London next week. I’ll be staying at the Ritz in London. I’ll be studying economics at university. Typically, that would probably be for four years, so that’s obviously a longer time. He’s going to be travelling for six weeks. Now let’s take a look at the future perfect. The future – this is a little bit complicated, so hold on to your hat – which is an idiom that means get ready – the future perfect is used to talk about a time or event that is in the future now. So here we are right now, okay? So we’re talking about something that’s in the future, but that will be in the past at a time further in the future. So there’s what – it’s in the future right now, but it will be in the past at a future time in the future. Let’s see if we can’t make this a little bit easier. Today is Monday. Right now, both Wednesday and Friday are in the future. So far, so good? By the time Friday comes, Wednesday will be in the past, even though Wednesday is in the future right now. So if I look at this from – I’m looking forward in time and I’m saying on Friday, Wednesday will be in the past. Okay? By Friday I will have finished this project. So by Friday, it will be over; I will have finished this. Same concept, although I’m not talking about the project anymore, By then, we will have seen the movie. So by then, I will know how the movie ends, because by then, I will have seen the movie, even though I haven’t seen it yet. Not right now. By that time, our holiday will have ended. Future perfect continuous – you thought we were done, didn’t you? Almost, almost. The future perfect continuous is used to talk about how long something will have been happening at a certain time in the future. So, there’s our certain time in the future, and we’re talking about how long something will have been happening. So how long this has been happening… Does this have to start in the future or can it start in the past? Well, the answer is, it doesn’t matter; that’s, that’s not what is important here. What’s important is at this time, how long will have this been happening? From there or, from all the way back there… We don’t know it doesn’t matter. Let’s look at some examples. By Wednesday, which is in the future right now, I will have been working for 12 days. I will have been working for 12 days in a row. Okay? So by the time this Wednesday comes, I will have been working for 12 days. By 2 a.m., he will have been sleeping for three hours. So obviously, he went to bed at 11:00.By 2 a.m. 3 hours of sleeping will already be in the past. Okay, I’ve put some sentences here. I would like you to take a look at them. Decide if they are correct or not and then why they are correct or not. Okay, so here are the sentences. You take a look, pause the video and I’ll be back in a moment with the answers. Okay, so how do you think we did? First, here’s the answers, or, well here’s whether it’s right or wrong. Ugh! Only one is right! Oh my goodness! Let’s take a look. Number one: She going to be late. is going to be; we forgot the auxiliary there. Number two: They will probably won’t get married. Hmm… well it sounds like you’re saying two different things at the same time here. Will or won’t, but not both. So i could say: They probably won’t get married, that would work, or They will probably get married, but I can’t have both. Number three: His sister will be not happy. His sister won’t be happy. Okay? Will be not? Nope, that’s not going to work for us. Number four: He will probably has more popcorn. This is one of the easier ones, I think. He will probably have more popcorn. Number five, thank goodness, is correct. Let’s get back to work at number six: I will going shopping tomorrow. No. We take off the “going”. I will go shopping tomorrow. Number seven: It going to rain. I forgot my auxiliary. It is going to rain. Number eight: They will losing the game. No they will lose the game – that’s my prediction: They will lose the game. Number nine: What time is leaving the train? No, not even close! What time is the train leaving? And number ten: I will am finished by then. We just looked at this. I will be finished by then. Okay, so how did you do? If you’d like some more practice, look below; I’ve created some more practice activities for you. That’s all for now. Thank you very much.